2. William Brewster, II (1.William¹) b. ca. 1535, Scrooby, York, England, m. Mary Smythe, b. Stainforth, Hatfield, England, (daughter of William Smythe). William died 1590. ANCESTRAL SUMMARY: (1) William Brewster, taxed 1524, Bently cum Arksey, York, England; m. Maude Man bef. 1558; children: William and Henry.

(2) William Brewster II, b. c1535, d. 1590, living in Scrooby, York, England in 1564; m. Mary (Smythe) Simkinson, dau. of William Smythe of Stainforth, Hatfield, England, widow of John Simkinson of Doncaster, York, England.

(3) William Brewster of the Mayflower

On 12 June 1609, a Leyden record shows that William Brewster and Ann Peck gave power of attorney to Thomas Simkinson, merchant of Hull. Presumably Thomas Simkinson has some relation to Brewster's mother's first husband John Simkinson.

Children:

3. William Brewster, Elder (2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1566, Doncaster, Yorkshire, m. bef 1593, Mary Wentworth, b. ca. 1569, Hatfield, Y, England, (daughter of Thomas Wentworth and Grace Gascoigne) d. 17 Apr 1627, Plymouth, Mass. William died 10 Apr 1644, Plymouth, Mass. Called "The Founder of New England."

BIOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY:

William Brewster was the Reverend Elder of the Pilgrim's church at Plymouth, since their pastor John Robinson remained behind in Leyden, Holland with the majority of the congregation which planned to come to America at a later time. Brewster was a fugitive from the King of England, because he had published a number of religious pamphlets while in Leyden which were critical or opposed the tenets of the Church of England. He had been a member of the Separatist church movement from its very beginning, and was the oldest Mayflower passenger to have participated at the First Thanksgiving, in his early fifties.

William Bradford wrote a lot about William Brewster in Of Plymouth Plantation, some of which follows: After he had attained some learning, viz. the knowledge of Latin tongue, and some insight in the Greek, and spent some small time at Cambridge, and then being first seasoned with the seeds of grace and virtue, he went to the court, and served that religious and godly gentleman, Mr. Davison, divers years, when he was Secretary of State; who found him so discreet and faithful as he trusted him above all other that were about him, and only employed him in all matters of greatest trust and secrecy . .. he attended his mr. when he was sent in ambassage by the Queen into the Low Countries . . . And, at his return, the States honored him with a gold chain, and his master committed it to him, and commanded him to wear it when they arrived in England, as they rid through the country, till they came to the court . . . Afterwards he went and lived in the country, in good esteem amongst his friends and the gentlemen of those parts, especially the Godly and religious. He did much good in the country where he lived, in promoting and furthering religion not only by his practise and example, and provocating and encouraging of others, but by procuring of good preachers to the places thereabouts, and drawing on of others to assist and help forward in such work; he himself most commonly deepest in the charge, and sometimes above his ability. . . . They ordinarily met at this house on the Lord's day, (which was a manor of the bishops) and with great love he entertained them when they came, making provision for them to his great charge. He was the chief of those that were taken at Boston, and suffered the greatest loss; and of the seven that were kept longest in prison, and after bound over . . . After he came into Holland he suffered much hardship, after he had spent the most of his means, having a great charge, and many children; and, in regard of his former breeding and course of life, not so fit for many employments as others were, especially as were toilsome and laborious. But yet he ever bore his condition with much cheerfulness and contention. Towards the later part of those 12 years spent in Holland, his outward condition was mended, and he lived well and plentifully; for he fell into a way to teach many students, who had a desire to learn the English tongue, to teach them English; . . . He also had means to set up printing, by the help of some friends . . . and by reason of many books which would not be allowed to be printed in England, they might have had more then they could do. . . . And besides that, he would labor with his hands in the fields as long as he was able; yet when the church had no other minister, he taught twice every Sabbath . . . For his personal abilities, he was qualified above many; he was wise and discreet and well spoken, having a grave and deliberate utterance, of a very cheerful spirit, very sociable and pleasant amongst his friends, of an humble and modest mind, of a peaceable disposition, undervaluing himself and his own abilities . . . inoffensive and innocent in his life and conversation . . . he was tender-hearted, and compassionate of such as were in misery, but especially of such as had been of good estate and rank, and were fallen into want and poverty, either for goodness and religions sake, or by the injury and oppression of others; . . .

NOTE ON WILLIAM BREWSTER'S WIFE: The maiden name of William Brewster's wife has not been proven. The claim it was Mary Wentworth rests solely on the fact that Mary Wentworth happened to live somewhat close to William Brewster in Scrooby, Nottingham. That is very shaky evidence to say the least. Further, it has been proposed that William Brewster may have married Mary Wyrall, but the evidence is just as flimsy for that marriage. There are no fewer than seven marriages from 1590-1610 that have been located in parish registers showing a William Brewster marrying a Mary. All, however, have been satisfactorily eliminated as probable candidates for the William and Mary (Brewster) who came on the Mayflower. So at present, there is no evidence to document who William Brewster's wife Mary actually was.

SOURCES:

1. Mayflower Families in Progress: William Brewster for Four Generations, by Barbara Lambert Merrick, General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1994

2. New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 124:250-251 (English ancestry of William Brewster)

3. Plymouth Colony: Its History and Its People, 1620-1691, by Eugene Aubrey Stratton, 1986

4. Of Plymouth Plantation, by William Bradford, written c1630-c1654

5. The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers, by Charles Edward Banks, 1929

Estate Inventory:

William Brewster (d. 1644) :black coat, green drawers, black gown, black hat, gloves, red cap, black silk stockings, pistol, green cushion, "sizzers", dagger, white rug, tobacco and pipes, sword, stool, desk, white cap, violet coat, corslet; BOOKS: Moral Discourse, Discover of Spanish Inquisition, Description of New England, Remains of Britain, Ainsworth's Psalms, Mr Hernes works, Babingtons works, Mr Rogers on Judges, Knights Concord, Bodens Commonwealth, Surveyor, Willet on Genesis, Messelina, Barlow on 2 Timothy, Parr on Romans, Robinsons Observations, Right Way to go to Work, Atterson's Badges of Christianity, Treasury of Similes, Downfall of Popery, Bolton on True Happyness, Plea for Infants, Discovery by Barrow, Hackhill History of Indies, Perkins on Jude, Sweeds Intelligencer, Politike Diseases, Standish for woods, History of Mary Glover, The Morality of Law, plus about 300 other books, plus another 65 books written in Latin. William Brewster is the religious leader, though not an ordained minister. He served as Postmaster at Scrooby before he became a leading member of the Separatist congregation which moved to Leiden, Holland about 1608. In 1620, he and his family emigrated to the New World. Educated at Cambridge, Brewster's houshold inventory includes a significant collection of books.

William Brewster was born, probably in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, ca.1566 and died in Plymouth on April 10, 1644. He served as Elder of the Separatist church both in Leiden and Plymouth Colony. Brewster was one of the leading figures in Pilgrim history and served for many years as the religious leader of Plymouth Colony in the absence of a minster. William Bradford stated that Brewster had "many children" but only the five who emigrated to Plymouth are positively identified.

Details of Mary (_____) Brewster's early life are unknown. In a deposition made in Leiden in 1609 she gave her age as around 40, indicating that she was born ca1569. She was apparently in ill health for some years before her death. John Robinson in a December 20, 1623 letter to William Brewster stated, "I hope Mrs. Brewster's weak and decayed state of body will have some repairing by the coming of her daughters, ..." She died in Plymouth April 17, 1627.

London and Leyden contingents : Many people are aware that the passengers of the Mayflower were fleeing religious persecution. What most people don't realize is that over half the passengers were "strangers" picked up from London, whose passage to America on the Mayflower helped the religious separatists pay the excessive expenses involved with sending a ship to the New World.

SOURCES: Barbara Lambert Merrick, Mayflower Families in Progress: William Brewster for Four Generations, (Plymouth: General Society of Mayflower Descendants 1994).

Henry M. Dexter, "The True Date of Birth and Death of Elder Brewster," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 18(1864):18-20.

Lucy Hall Greenlaw, "Early Generations of the Brewster Family," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 53(1899):109-115.

John G. Hunt, "William Brewster, Gent. of Virginia," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 75(1967):407-409.

John G. Hunt, "Master Williamson of the Mayflower," National Genealogical Society Quarterly 62(1974):88-90.

John G. Hunt, "The Mother of Elder William Brewster of the Mayflower," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 124(1970):250-251.

Mary B. Sherwood, Pilgrim: A Biography of William Brewster (Falls Church, Virginia: Great Oaks Press, 1982).

Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and Its People, 1620-1691 (Ancestry Publishing: Salt Lake City, 1986).

Charles Edward Banks, English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (Baltiore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1929).

William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Morison (New York: Random House, 1952).

Children:

4. Fear Brewster (3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. ca. 1606, Scrooby, Nottinhamshire, m. ca. 1626, Isaac Allerton, b. 1586, London, England, occupation Merchant Tailor, d. 2 Feb 1659, New Haven, CT. Fear died 12 Dec 1643, Plymouth, Mass.

Mayflower passenger Isaac Allerton married Elder William Brewster's daughter, Fear. He is an agent for the Plymouth colonists during the 1627 negotiations with the Merchant Adventurers (financial backers) of the colony.

One of the Leiden Separatists who came over on the Mayflower, Isaac Allerton was from London and was born ca1585. He worked as a tailor in Leiden and even took on an apprentice, John Hooke, who traveled with him to America. He had three wives, Mary Norris, Fear Brewster, and Joanna Swinnerton. Allerton was the first assistant governor in Plymouth Colony and acted as the colony's agent in London. He died in New Haven, Connecticut in the latter part of 1658.

Fear (Brewster) Allerton, a member of the Leiden Separatist congregation, came over in 1623 with her sister, Patience. She bore two children and died ca1634 during an outbreak of plague.

CHILDREN by Fear Brewster: NAME BIRTH DEATH MARRIAGE Sarah c1627, Plymouth died young unmarried Isaac between 22 May 1627 and 1630, Plymouth, MA between 25 and 30 October 1702, Westmoreland County, VA m1. Elizabeth (---), c1652 m2. Elizabeth (Willoughby)(Overzee) Colclough, c1663, Norfolk County, VA

Isaac:

Mary Norris of Newbury, England, 4 November 1611, Leyden, Holland

Fear Brewster, dau. of William Brewster of the Mayflower, c1626.

Joanna Swinnerton, between 1634 and 1644, possibly at Marblehead, MA

CHILDREN by Mary Norris:

Bartholomew b. c1612, Leyden, Holland d. bet. 15 Oct. 1658 and 19 Feb. 1658/9, prob. Bramfield, Suffolk, England m1. Margaret (---) m2. Sarah Fairfax, prob. Rumbough, Suffolk,England Remember b. c1614, Leyden, Holland d. between 12 Sept. 1652 and 22 Oct. 1656 m. Moses Maverick, bef. 6 May 1635 Mary bp. June 1616, Leyden, Holland d. 28 November 1699, Plymouth, MA m. Thomas Cushman, c1636, Plymouth, MA stillborn son b. 22 December 1620, Plymouth Harbor d. 22 December 1620, Plymouth Harbor* * not Provincetown Harbor, as erroniously stated in MFIP Allerton and Mayflower Quarterly 47:14-18

CHILDREN by Fear Brewster:

Sarah b. c1627, Plymouth died young unmarried Isaac b. between 22 May 1627 and 1630, Plymouth, MA d. between 25 and 30 October 1702 Westmoreland County, VA m1. Elizabeth (---), c1652 m2. Elizabeth (Willoughby)(Overzee) Colclough, c1663, Norfolk County, VA

ANCESTRAL SUMMARY:

Isaac Allerton was born in England about 1583-1586, but his parentage has not been identified. He may be related to Mayflower passenger John Allerton, but no relationship between them has been documented. Isaac Allerton is found in several Leyden records, and his sister Sarah married Degory Priest there on the same day as Issac's marriage to Mary Norris. A John Allerton and a Robert Allerton can also be found in Leyden records.

On 18 June 1618 in Leyden, Isaac Allerton, tailor, made a sworn statement for Nicholas Claverly, witnessed by Degory Priest. On 9 January 1619, Isaac Allerton made agreement with Alice Gallant, widow of John Hooke and current wife of Henry Gallant, to apprentice her twelve-year old son John Hooke to Isaac Allerton, to learn the tailor trade. John Hooke came with Isaac on the Mayflower, but died the first winter.

BIOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY:

William Bradford, c1650, included in his passenger list of the Mayflower: "Mr Isaack Allerton, and Mary his wife; with.3. children Bartholomew, Remember, and Mary. and a servant boy, John Hooke." He later wrote "Mr. Allerton his wife died with the first, and his servant John Hooke. His son Bartle is married in England but I know not how many children he hath. His daughter Remember is married at Salem and hath three or four children living. And his daughter Mary is married here and hath four children. Himself married again with the daughter of Mr. Brewster and hath one son living by her, but she is long since dead. And he is married again and hath left this place long ago. So I account his increase to be eight, besides his sons in England." On September 26, 1636 Isaac made a deposition in Boston stating he was aged about 53 years.

Isaac Allerton has a relatively small number of descendants compared to other Mayflower passengers, but is an ancestor to Presidents Zachary Taylor and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

SOURCES:

1. Mayflower Families in Progress: Isaac Allerton for Four Generations, published by the General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1992.

2. Of Plymouth Plantation, by William Bradford, written cir 1630-1654.

3. Mayflower Quarterly 47:14-18, "The Children of Isaac Allerton"

Mayflower Web Pages. Caleb Johnson © 1998

Isaac Allerton was a tailor of London. He left Leyden, Holland in 1620 with his family on The "Speedwell" for England.

They then left England aboard the "Mayflower", arriving at Plymouth in December of that year. He was the fifth signer of the Mayflower Compact. A Leiden Separatist , Allerton was second in authority to Bradford in the early years of the colony. However, Bradford felt that Allerton had abused the trust the colonists placed in him, and Allerton left the colony in the 1630s for other areas. He engaged in commercial pursuits at Marblehead and in Maine and later resided at New Amsterdam. He died at New Haven in February 1658/59, leaving little estate except debts he claimed were due him. After the death of his first wife, Mary Norris, he married (2) Fear Brewster, and (3) widow Joanna Swinnerton. Allerton left a number of descendants in New England, and his son Isaac migrated to Virginia, where the line was carried on under the Allerton, Lee, and Travers surnames.

Letter of William Bradford and Isaac Allerton

From Plymouth, 23 September 1623

This little-known letter written by William Bradford was found by R.G. Marsden in the Public Records Office in London, and first published in the American Historical Review, Volume 8 (1903):294-301. I have modernized the spelling and made some minor punctuation changes.

Beloved and kind friends.

We have received your letters both by the Anne and the James, which are both safely arrived here, thanks be to God, the Anne about the later end of July, and the James a fortnight after, and by them a large and liberal supply, for which together with your loving and honest letters we give you hearty thanks, being very sorry to hear of your losses and crosses, and how you have been turmoiled thereabout. If God had seen it good we should have been right glad it had come sooner, both for our good and your profit; for we have both been in a languishing state; and also fain to put away our furs at a small value to help us to some necessaries, without which notwithstanding we should have done full ill, yea indeed could have not subsisted; so as we have little or nothing to send you, for which we are not a little sorry; but if you knew how necessarily we were constrained too it, and how unwillingly we did it, we suppose you cannot at all blame us for it; we put away as much at one time and other of beaver as, if they had been saved together and sold at the best hand, would have yielded 3 or 4 hundred pounds; and yet those are nothing to those we have lost for want of means to gather them when the time was, which I fear will scarce ever be again, seeing the Dutch on one side and the French on the other side and the fishermen and other plantations between both, have and do furnish the savages, not with toys and trifles, but with good and substantial commodities, as ketkles, hatches, and clothes of all sorts; yea the French do store them with Biscay shallops fitted both with sails and oars, with which they can either row or sail as well as we; as also with pieces, powder and shot for fowling and other services; (we are informed that there are at this present a 100 men with 8 shallops coming from the eastward, to rob and spoil their neighbors westwards); also I know upon my own knowledge many of the Indians to be as well furnished with good ketkles, both strong and of a large size, as many farmers in England; yet notwithstanding we shall not neglect to use the best means we can with the pinnace and means we now have, both for trading or any other employment the best we can for both your and our advantage; but we are sorry that she is manned with so rude a crew of sailors; we hope the master is an honest man; and we find the captain to be a loving and courteous gentleman; yet they could not both of them rule them, so as we were fain to alter their conditions and agree with them for wages as well as we could; and this we did not only by the captain, and masters, together with Mr. Pierce's advice, but we saw we were of necessity constrained thereunto to prevent further mischief, which we saw would unavoidably ensue; for besides the endangering of the ship, they would obey no command, at least without continual murmuring, alleging that they were cousined and deceived and should sail and work for nothing, the which they would be hanged rather than they would do, as also that they would not fish, or do any such thing; they said they were fitted out for a taker, and were told that they might take any ship whatsoever that was not too strong for them, as far as the west Indians, and no other employment would they follow; but we doubt not now to have them at a better pass, and hope to raise some benefit by her employment; she is now to go to the southward; we have sent to the Indians, and they promise us we shall have both corn and skins; at her return we think to send her northward, both to fish and truck, if it please God to bless them.

We have sent unto you (with these our letters) one of our honest friends, Edward Winslow by name, who can give you better and more large information of the state of all things than we can possibly do by our letters; unto whom we refer you in all particulars; and also we have given him instruction to treat with you of all such things as concern our public good and mutual concord; expecting his return by the first fishing ships.

We have written to the counsel for another patent for Cape Anne to wit for the westerside of it, which we know to be as good a harbor as any in this land, and it thought to be as good fishing place; and seeing fishing must be the chief, if not the only means to do us good; and it is like to be so fit a place, and lieth so near us, we think it very necessary to use all diligence to procure it; and therefore we have now written unto you and the counsel again about it, lest our former letters should not be come, or not delivered, of which we have some suspicion; Mr. Weston hath written for it, and is desirous to get it before us; and the like doth Mr. Thomson; which is one special motive that hath moved us to send over this messenger fore-named; as also about that grand patent which we understand you got from Mr. Pierce, which if it be as we have it is by Mr. Thomsons relation, but to go by a right line from the Gurnatsnose due west into the land a certain way, and no further northward, it will strip us of the best part of the bay, which will be most commodious for us, and better then all the rest; therefore seeing now is the time to help these things we thought it were then necessary to send about the former patent for Cape Anne; we desire it may be procured with as ample privileges as it may, and not to be simply confined to that place, but in our liberty to take any other, if we like it better.

Mr. Pierce (for ought I hear) hath used our passengers well, and dealt very honestly with us; but we wanted a perfect bill of lading, to call for each parcel of our goods, which as you have occasion we pray you see to hereafter, for it is very requisite though you have to deal with honest men. We have agreed with him to lade him back for a 150 pounds, which you will think something much, but we could get him no cheaper; we did it the rather that he might come directly home, for the furtherance of our other affairs; as also for some other respects necessary and beneficial for us; we have laded him with clapboard, the best we could get, which we hope at least will quit the cost; for lengths they are not cut by the advice of the cooper and pipestaffmaker which you sent us; for thickness they are bigger than those which come from other places, which must accordingly be considered in the prices; the cooper of the ship saith they are worth 5 per 100 and I hear he means to buy some of them of you; of which I thought good to give you notice.

We have also sent you that small parcel of furs which we have left, besides those we put away formerly; if the ship had but come one month sooner, we had sent you a good many more, though since that conspiracy raised against us by the Indians, caused by Mr. Weston's people, and that execution we did at the Massachusetts, chiefly for the saving of their lives, we have been much endamaged in our trade, for there where we had most skins the Indians are run away from their habitations, and set no corn, so as we can by no means as yet come to speak with them. We have taken up of Mr. Pierce sundry provisions, the chief whereof is bread, and course cloth, and some other needful things withal; and with them he hath put upon us some other things less necessary, as beef etc. which we would not have had if we could have had the other without them; fear of want again before supply come to us, as also a little to encourage our people after their great disheartening hath made us presume to charge you herewith; a bill of the particulars we have here sent you; we hope the furs will defray it.

It is for certain that great profit is here raised by fishing; the ships have this year made great viages, and were a great many of them; and if we could fall once into the right course about it, and be able to manage it, it would make good all; a good fishing place will be a great advantage for it, where the boats may go quickly in and out to sea at all times of the tide, and well stowed with fish near at hand, and convenient places to make it, and build stages in, and then it will not only serve for our own fishing, but after it be known once by experience to be a place well qualified for that purpose, benefit will be made of it by granting licence to others to fish there. But about these things we refer you for further information to our messenger and Mr. Pierce, who is a man we perceive very skillful and diligent in his business, and a very honest man, whose employments may do us much good; and if you resolve, as we earnestly desire you may, of any course about fishing we think he is as fit an instrument as you can use.

It would be a principal stay and a comfortable help to the Colony if they had some cattle, in many respects. First it would much encourage them, and be in time a greater ease both for tillage of ground, and caring of burden; 2ly, it will make victuals both more plentiful, and comfortable; 3ly, it will be a good benefit after some increase that they might be able to spare some to others that should have thoughts this way; especially goats are very useful for the first, and very fit for this place, for they will here thrive very well, are a hardy creature, and live at no charge, either winter or summer, their increase is great and milk very good, and need little looking to; also they are much more easily transported and with less difficulty and hazard, than other cattle; yet two of those which came last died by the way, but it was by some negligence. For kine and other cattle it will be best when any comes that it be in the spring, and if they should come against the winter, they would go near to die; the Colony will never be in good estate till they have some.

As touching making of salt we have by accident had speech with one of the north country, who came with Mr. Reynolds (who put in here), and was his mate; he had speech with our smith about the making of salt pane, which doubts he cannot do it; also he saith if they go about it that have no skill they will quickly burn the pans and do no good, whereas if they be skillfully ordered they may last a long time. He thought we might have some from about Newcastle that would best fit our turn for that business we pray you provide for us here about as soon as you can, that we may do some thing to the purpose.

Mr. Weston's colony is dissolved (as you cannot but hear before this time). They had by their evil and deboist carriage so exasperated the Indians among them as they plotted there overthrow; and because they knew not how to effect it for fear we would revenge it upon them, they secretly instigated other peoples to conspire against us also, thinking to cut off our shallop abroad and then to assault us with their force at home; but their conspiracy and treachery was discovered unto us by Massasoit, (the occasion and further relation whereof our messenger can declare unto you at large, to whom we refer you). We went to rescue the lives of our countrymen, whom we thought (both by nature, and conscience) we were bound to deliver, as also to take vengeance of them for their villainy intended and determined against us, which never did them harm, waiting only for opportunity to execute the same. But by the good Providence of God they were taken in their own snare, and their wickedness

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the head of one of them stands still on our fort for a terror unto others; they met our men in the field and shot at them, but thanks be to God not a man of them were hurt; neither could they hurt the Indians with their pieces, they did so shelter themselves behind great trees, only they broke the arm of a notable rogue as he was drawing his bow to shoot at Captain Standish, after which they came away. We gave the Captain order, if Mr. Weston's people would, that he should bring them to us and we would afford them the best succor we could, or if they chose rather to go to Monhiggan, that then if he took any corn from the Indians, he should let them have to victual them thither (which accordingly was done, though ours had scarce enough to bring them home again). Yet for all this, and much more they cannot afford us a good word, but reproach us behind our backs.

Touching our government you are mistaken if you think we admit women and children to have to do in the same, for they are excluded, as both reason and nature teacheth they should be; neither do we admit any but as are above the age of 21 years, and they also but only in some weighty matters, when we think good; yet we like well of our course, and advice propounded unto us, and will as soon as we can with convenience bring it into practice, though it should be well it were so ordered in our patent.

Now whereas you think we have been too credulous in receiving insinuations against you, and to rash in complaining and censoring of you; as also that to particular men letters have been written not with that discretion and deliberation which was meet, we answer what others have written we know not, neither could hinder; if there be anything otherwise then well let them bear their blame; only what we have written we best know, and can answer. And first we wished you would either roundly supply us, or else wholly forsake us, that we might know what to do; this you call a short and preemptory resolution, be it as it will, we were necessarily occasioned by our wants (and the discontents of many) thereunto. Yet it was never our purpose or once came into our minds to enter upon any course before we knew what you would do, upon an equal treaty of things, according to our former, as we conceived, both between us. And then if you should have left us we meant not to join with any other (as you it should seem conceived) but thought we could get ourselves food, and for clothes we intended to take the best course we could, and so to use the best means we could to subsist, or otherwise to return. Though indeed we think if you had left us we might have had others desirous to join with us. Also you may conceive some of us have had enough to do to hold things together amongst men of so many humors, under so many difficulties, and fears of many kinds; and if any thing more hath been said or written to any by us, it hath been only to show that it might rather be marvelled that we could at all subsist, then that we were in no better case having been so long without supply, and not at all for your disgrace. If necessary or

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with it. As for Captain Standish we leave him to answer for himself; but this we must say, he is as helpful an instrument as any we have, and as careful of the general good, an doth not well approve himself.

Indeed friends it doth us much good to read your honest letters. We perceive your honest minds, and how squarely you deal in all things, which giveth us much comfort, and howsoever things have been for time past, we doubt not for time to come but there shall be that good correspondence which is meet. And we shall labor what we can to be answerable to your kindness and cost.

For our friends in Holland we much desired there company, and have long expected the same; if we had had them in the stead of some others we are persuaded things would have been better than they are with us, for honest men will ever do their best endeavor, whilst others (though they be more able of body) will scarce by any means be brought to; but we know many of them to be better able, either for labor or counsel then ourselves; and indeed if they should not come to us, we would not stay here, if we might gain never so much wealth, but we are glad to take knowledge of what you would write touching them, and like well of your purpose not to make the general body bigger, save only to furnish them with useful members, for special faculties.

Touching those articles of agreement, we have taken ourselves bound by them unto you, and you unto us, being by Mr. Weston much pressed thereunto, we gave Mr. Cushman full commission to conclude and confirm the same with you. For anything further thereabout we refer you to our messenger; though in any bound made, or to be made between you and us, we take our friends at Leyden to be comprehended in the same, and as much interested as ourselves; and their consents to be accordingly had; for though we be come first to this place, yet they are as principal in the actions and they and we to be considered as one body.

We found the surgeon in the pinnance to be so proud and quarrelsome a man, and to use his terms in that sort, as the Captain and others durst not go to sea with him; being over ready to raise factions and mutiny in the ship; so as we were constrained to dismiss him, and hire Mr. Rogers in his room, Mr. Pierce being willing to release him, to do us a favor. He is to have 35s per month, whereof he desires his wife may have 16s a month, which we pray you may be accordingly performed.

About Hopkins and his men we are come to this issue. The men we retain in the general according to his resignation and equity of the thing. And about that reckoning of 20 odd pounds, we have brought it to this pass, he is to have - 6 - " - paid by you there, and the rest to be quit; it is for nails and such other things as we have had of his brother here for the company's use, and upon promise of payment by us, we desire you will accordingly do it.

For the tokens of your love and other charges you have been at with myself, befit you many thanks, (and so do they likewise) not knowing how to recompense your kindness. It is more then we have deserved at your hands.

Touching those which came to us in their particular, we have received them in as kindly manner as we could, according to our ability, and offered them as favorable terms as we could touching their footing with us. Yet they are sundry of them discouraged I know not whether by the country (of which they have no trial) or rather for want of those varieties which England affords, from which they are not yet weened, and being so delightful to nature cannot easily be forgotten without a former grounded resolution. But as they were welcome when they came, so shall they be when they go, if they think it is not for their good, though we are most glad of honest men's company; and loath to part from the same.

Thus again giving you hearty thanks for your loving affections and long hands extended unto us, we rest your loving friends to use,

WILLIAM BRADFORD, Governor ISAAC ALLERTON, Assistant

PLIMOTH

September 8

1623

Children:

5. Isaac Allerton, Col. (4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1630, Plymouth, Mass., m. 1663, in Norfolk Co., VA, Elizabeth Willoughby, b. ca. 1633, d. "Narrow's Plantation", Westmo. Co., VA, buried: Westmoreland County, VA. Isaac died aft 25 Oct 1702, "Narrow's Plantation", Westmo. Co., VA, buried: Westmoreland County, VA. His will was written 25 Oct 1702 in Westmoreland Co., VA. (Westmoreland County Virginia, p. 127). Isaac was also a Burgess in 1684. In 1662-1684, he was listed as a Justice for Westmoreland Co., VA. He & John Lee were partners of Beale's Mill & Pond on Nomini Creek starting in 1670. John's brother, Richard Lee, II, recieved John's 1/2 after his death, and Richard sold it to Allerton in 1674. Isaac then deeded it to his son, Willoughby Allerton in 1702. Elizabeth: Possibly the sister of Henry Willoughby (1626-1685) Rappahannock Co., VA; born at Stewkley, England; son of George Willoughby, Esq., and grandson of Sir Ambrose Willoughby, Knt., of Malton, Gloucestershire, who was 2nd son of Charles, 2nd Lord Willoughby of Parham. (Collins' Peerage. Rappahannock Co., Records.). ANCESTRAL SUMMARY: Isaac Allerton was born in England about 1583-1586, but his parentage has not been identified. He may be related to Mayflower passenger John Allerton, but no relationship between them has been documented. Isaac Allerton is found in several Leyden records, and his sister Sarah married Degory Priest there on the same day as Issac's marriage to Mary Norris. A John Allerton and a Robert Allerton can also be found in Leyden records.

On 18 June 1618 in Leyden, Isaac Allerton, tailor, made a sworn statement for Nicholas Claverly, witnessed by Degory Priest. On 9 January 1619, Isaac Allerton made agreement with Alice Gallant, widow of John Hooke and current wife of Henry Gallant, to apprentice her twelve-year old son John Hooke to Isaac Allerton, to learn the tailor trade. John Hooke came with Isaac on the Mayflower, but died the first winter.

Will of Isaac Allerton

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At a Court of Magistrates Octob. 19. 59

A writeing presented as the last will & Testament of Isaac Alerton, late of Newhaven deceased, wth an account of certaine debts, dew to him; & from him;

An account of Debts at the Duch

first, 700. & odd gilders from Tho: Hall by Arbitration of Captaine Willet, & Augustine Harman; about Captaine Scarlet wch I paid out,

And there is 900 gilders owing by John Peterson the Bore, as by Georg Woolseyes booke will appeare; & severall obligations thereto,

ffrom Richard Cloufe owes, as Georg Woolseyes Booke will make appeare; I thinke 900. gilders, but his Estate being broken. I Desire that what may be gotten may be layd hold on for mee,

Due from william Goulder 270, od gilders, by his Bill appeares;

Due from John Snedecare a shoomaker 150, od gilders as by his acco appeares.

from the widdow of the Hanc Hancson due as by severall Bills & accounts;

Peter Cornelioussen 120. od guilders as by ye account will appeare.

Due from Henry Brasser for rent for 28 moneths, from the first October 1656. to the last of May 58: for three roomes at 3 gilders a week. I am in his Debt for worke of the old acco wch must be Deducted;

156 Isaac Allerton's Will and Inventory.

there is 20 li in George Woolseyes hand, that came fro. mr Tho Maybue for mee

There is 420. oaf. gilders that I owe to Nicholas, the ffrenchman, & a Cooper I owe something to, wch I would have that 201; in Georg Woolseyes hand, & the rest of that in Henry Brassers hand to them two;

And now I leave my son Isaac Allerton and my wife, as Trustees to receive in my debts, & to pay what I owe, as farr as it will goe & what is overpluss I leave to my wife and my sonne Isaac, as far as they receive the Debts to pay what I owe;

In Captaine Willetts hand. a pcell of booke lace 1300 & odd. guilders Wch I left in trust with Captaine Willett to take care of: Seale

My brother Bruster owes mee foure score pounds & odd. as the obligations will appeare.

Besides all my Debts in Delloware Bay & in Virgenia wch in my booke will appeare, & in Barbadoes. what can be gott; Witness. Isaac Allerton Senior John Harriman

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Mayflower Web Pages. Caleb Johnson © 1997

BIOGRAPHICAL SUMMARY: William Bradford, c1650, included in his passenger list of the Mayflower: "Mr Isaack Allerton, and Mary his wife; with .3. children Bartholomew, Remember, and Mary. and a servant boy, John Hooke." He later wrote "Mr. Allerton his wife died with the first, and his servant John Hooke. His son Bartle is married in England but I know not how many children he hath. His daughter Remember is married at Salem and hath three or four children living. And his daughter Mary is married here and hath four children. Himself married again with the daughter of Mr. Brewster and hath one son living by her, but she is long since dead. And he is married again and hath left this place long ago. So I account his increase to be eight, besides his sons in England." On September 26, 1636 Isaac made a deposition in Boston stating he was aged about 53 years.

Isaac Allerton has a relatively small number of descendants compared to other Mayflower passengers, but is an ancestor to Presidents Zachary Taylor and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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SOURCES: Robert S. Wakefield, Mayflower Families in Progress: Isaac Allerton for Four Generations (Plymouth: General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1992).

Robert C. Anderson, The Great Migration Begins, 1:36-39 (Boston: New England Historical and Genealogical Society, 1995).

William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, ed. Samuel Morison (New York: Random House, 1952).

William Bradford and Edward Winslow. A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation settled at Plymouth . . .. (John Bellamie: London, 1621).

Newman A. Hall, "The Children of Isaac Allerton," Mayflower Quarterly 47(1981):14-18.

Newman A. Hall, "The Unproved Allerton Family Lineage," Mayflower Quarterly 45:23-24.

Newman A. Hall, "Allerton of Virginia," Virginia Genealogist 32:83-92.

Newman A. Hall, "Joanna Swinnerton: The Third Wife of Isaac Allerton, Sr.," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 124(1970):133.

Gary Boyd Roberts, Ancestors of American Presidents (Carl Boyer, 3d: Santa Clarita, 1995).

Charles T. Gehring, translator. New York Historical Manuscripts: Dutch Deleware Papers, volumes 18-19, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1981).

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Children:

6. Sarah Allerton (5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1656, "Narrow's Plantation", Westmo. Co., VA, m. bef 1707, Hancock Lee, b. 1652, Northumberland Co., VA, (son of Richard Lee, I and Anne Constable) d. 25 May 1709, "Hancock's Neck", Northumberland Co., VA, buried: "Hancock's Neck", Northumberland Co., VA. Sarah died 17 May 1731, "Hancock's Neck", Northumberland Co., VA. Hancock: (_Lee of VA_, p. 518).

Children:

7. Frances Allerton (5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. ca. 1685, Samuel Travers, Capt., b. ca. 1660, (son of William Travers and Rebecca).

Children:

8. Willoughby Allerton (5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1664, m. (1) Rosamond Fitzhugh, b. 1680, "Eagle's Nest", Stafford Co., VA, (daughter of William Fitzhugh, Col. and Sarah Tucker) d. 1701, m. (2) Hannah Keene, (daughter of William Keene and Elizabeth Ball). Willoughby died 1723/24, Westmoreland Co., VA. He was Collector of Customs for the Potomac River in 1711.

Children by Hannah Keene:

9. Hancock Lee (6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1709, m. 1733, in Spotsylvania Co., VA, Mary Willis, b. 1716, (daughter of Henry Willis, Col. and Ann Alexander) d. 4 Dec 1766. Hancock died 1789, Warrenton, Fauquier Co., VA.

Children:

10. Elizabeth Lee (6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. ca. 1709, m. (1) Swan Jones, d. 1734, m. (2) Zachary Taylor, (son of James Taylor, II, Col. and Martha Thompson) d. Fredericksburg, VA.

Children by Zachary Taylor:

11. Anne Lee (6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. 1719, in Northumberland Co., VA, William Eustace, Capt., b. Lancaster Co., VA, (son of John Eustace and Sarah Jauncey) d. bef 10 Mar 1740, Eastmost River, Gloucester Co., VA. William: His will dated 3 Sep 1739 and proved 10 Mar 1739/40. W&MQ Vo.11, No.3, Jan 1903, pp. 209-210.

Children:

12. Isaac Allerton (8.Willoughby⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. "The Narrows", Westmoreland Co., VA, m. Ann Corbin, b. 1724, "Lanesville", King & Queen Co., VA, (daughter of Gawin Corbin, Col. and Martha Bassett). Isaac died aft 1739.

Children:

13. John Hancock Lee (9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Elizabeth Bell, (daughter of Thomas Bell and Elizabeth Taylor).

Children:

14. Mary Willis Lee (9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Ambrose Madison, Capt., (son of James Madison and Eleanor Rose Conway) buried: "Montpelier", Orange Co., VA. Mary died 14 Mar 1798, buried: "Montpelier", Orange Co., VA.

Children:

15. Hancock Lee (9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1740, m. Winifred Beale, (daughter of John Beale). Hancock died 1815.

Children:

16. Richard Taylor, Col. (10.Elizabeth⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Sarah Dabney Strother, (daughter of William Strother and Sarah Bayly). Richard died KY.

Children:

17. Sarah Eustace (11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. 1741, Thomas Gaskins, V., Col., (son of Thomas Gaskins, IV and Miss Conway) d. bef 12 Apr 1785, Northumberland Co., VA. Sarah died "Gascony", Northumberland Co., VA. Thomas: His will probated 12 Apr 1785, (no date on the will). He mentions his wife Sarah, and his children, Thomas, Anne, Sarah, Elizabeth and Henry Lee Gaskins. Also mentioned are sons-in-law, Richard Henry Lee, Edward Digges, and John Hull, Ex'rs. He mentioned Thomas Pinckard as the late husband of daughter, Anne Lee. W&MQ Vo.11, No.4, Apr 1903, pp. 276-280.

Children:

18. Elizabeth Eustace (11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. ca. 1723, m. 4 Apr 1743, in Northmberland Co., VA, John Beale, Col., b. bef 1711, "Chestnut Hill", Richmond Co., VA, (son of Thomas Beale, III, Capt. and Elizabeth Taverner) d. bef 3 Aug 1767, Lunenburg Parish, Richmond Co., VA. Elizabeth died bef 1767. John: His will dated 22 Dec 1766, proved 3 Aug 1767. Names wife, Elizabeth; daughters Anne, Sarah, Winifred, Eustace, Elizabeth and Charlotte Beale. John Eustace, Hancock Eustace and Richard Edwards were his executors and guardians. (_Will Bk No.6_).

Children:

19. Isaac Eustace (11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. ca. 1730, m. 15 May 1757, in Lancaster Co., VA, Agatha Conway, b. 1740, (daughter of Peter Cownay, Capt. and Elizabeth Spann) d. 2 Apr 1826, Stafford Co., VA. W&MQ Vo.11, No.3, Jan 1903, pp. 209-210.

Children:

20. Nelly Conway Madison (14.Mary⁸, 9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. John Willis, M.D., (son of Francis Willis and Elizabeth Perrin) d. 1812. John: Died from Yellow Fever.

Children:

21. Willis Lee (15.Hancock⁸, 9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Mary Richards.

Children:

22. Thomas Lee (15.Hancock⁸, 9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Miss Bell, b. Louisville, KY.

Children:

23. Hancock Lee (15.Hancock⁸, 9.Hancock⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. 12 Aug 1819, Susan Richards, (daughter of William Richards and Anne Blackwell) d. 18 Aug 1873. Hancock died 22 Jul 1842.

Children:

24. Zachary Taylor, President (16.Richard⁸, 10.Elizabeth⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 24 Sep 1784, Montebello, Orange Co., VA, occupation 12th US President, m. 21 Jun 1810, in Jefferson Co., KY, Margaret Mackall Smith. Zachary died 9 Jul 1850, White House, Washington D.C., buried: Louisville, Jefferson Co., KY. Elected in 1848 over Lewis Cass by a popular vote of 1,360,967 to 1,222,342 and an electoral vote of 163 to 127. Chose Millard Fillmore as vice-presi Died in office, while Congress was in session. Was a second cousin of James Madison.

Children:

25. Anne Gaskins (17.Sarah⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. aft 1741, Westmoreland Co., VA, m. (1) Thomas Pinckard, (son of John Pinckard, Capt. and Elizabeth) d. bef 1767, VA, m. (2) Jul 1768, in Westmoreland Co., VA, Richard Henry Lee, b. 20 Jan 1732, "Stratford Hall", Westmoreland Co., VA, (son of Thomas "President" Lee and Hannah Harrison Ludwell) occupation Patriot & legislator, d. 19 Jun 1794, "Chantilly", Westmoreland Co., VA, buried: "Burnt House Field", Westm. Co., VA. Anne died 10 Jan 1796, "Chantilly", Westmoreland Co., VA, buried: "Burnt House Field", Westm. Co., VA. December 13, 1794, Richard Lee Turberville and Henneritta Lee, Anne Lee, her mother, gives her consent. Marriage Records. Richard: His will dated 18 Jun 1793, probated 24 Jun 1794. After the course of private tuition at home, Richard was sent to the Wakefield Academy, in Yorkshire, England; on leaving that school, he made a brief tour of northern Europe, and returned to Virginia, being then only 19 years old. For some years, prior to his marriage, he resided with his eldest brother at Stratford Hall, and passed the time in diligent reading of the ancient classics and modern histories. His taste for the classics was constantly displayed in after life by the frequent and appropriate quotations he made from them to enrich his diction or to fortify his argument. The greater part of the estate left to Richard by his father, was in Prince William Co., but he continued to live in Westmoreland County even after he married. It is said that his eldest brother was so devoted to him, that he insisted that he should build near Stratford, and leased for him, the estate called Chantilly. It appears that this name was given by Richard Henry and that the estate was formerly known as Hollis' Marsh; it was situated about 3 miles below Stratford, and was also on the Potomac River. Later in life, Richard paid a rental for it to General Henry Lee, and mentions in his own will that he only held the estate on a lease. When Richard was 23, he raised a company to join General Braddock in his ill-fated expedition against the French and Indians; their aid was declined by the haughty Englishman, who had no use for provincials. When Richard was 25, he was appointed as Justice for Westmoreland, a position of influence and much sought after in those days. It was about this time that he made his first appearance in the political arena [1757], by being chosen member of the House of Burgesses; he continued a member of that body, when not in Congress, until 1792, when he retired from active public life. His first effort in that body was a speech against the importation of slaves to the Colony; the proposition was "to lay so heavy a tax upon the importation of slaves as effectually to put an end to that iniquitous and disgraceful traffic within the Colony." When the proposed Stamp tax was under discussion and before its full purport was understood, Mr. Lee applied for the position of collector under it. For this he was afterwards censured; he defended himself in a letter published in the Virginia Gazette on 25 Jul 1766, stating in one portion it: "I considered that to err is certainly the portion of humanity, but that it was the business of an honest man to recede from error as soon as he discovered it, and that the strongest principle of duty called upon every citizen to prevent the ruin of his country, without being restrained by any consideration which could interrupt the primary obligation…." As stated in his long letter Mr. Lee was the one to bring before the Assembly the Act of Parliament, claiming their right to tax America, and he served on the special committee appointed to draft an address to the King, a memorial to the House of Lords, and a remonstrance to the Commons. He was selected to prepare the first and last of these three papers. Shortly afterwards, he organized the "Westmoreland Association" of patriots and wrote their resolutions. The articles were chiefly a direct protest against the Stamp Act, and expressed their determination to "exert every faculty to prevent the execution of the said Stamp Act in any instance whatsoever within this Colony." In 1773, the Virginia Assembly appointed a "Committee of Correspondence," of which Richard was a member. The first voice raised was that of Patrick Henry; who in a speech it is said, of impassioned eloquence, unfolded to his anxious listeners the perils and duties of the hour. The second speaker was Richard Henry Lee, who supplementing and enlarging on Henry's words, impressed the members with his wisdom and sagacity. Such evidently was the result of his eloquence, for he immediately took a leading place in that body. Mr. Lee was an active and energetic member of many of the leading committees of this Congress; from his pen emanated the memorial of Congress to the people of British America, which has been generally considered a masterly document. His most important and distinguished service was rendered on the 7th of Jun 1776, when, in accordance with the instructions of the Virginia Convention , and at the request of his colleagues, he proposed the resolution for the independence of the colonies. The motion was seconded by John Adams, of Massachusetts; the discussion upon its adoption continued until the 10th of June, when a committee was appointed to prepare a declaration, in accordance with this motion. It is a uniform rule of all deliberative bodies to appoint the member who has offered a resolution the chairman of the committee selected to report on that motion. In this case, therefore, Mr. Lee would have been chosen chairman of the committee for the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, had he been present. On the evening of the 10th of June, he received word of the serious illness of his wife; he left Philadelphia to visit her on the very day this committee was appointed. Thus an accidental sickness in his family probably deprived him of the signal honor of being the author as well as the mover of the Declaration of American Independence.

It is said that the English papers, which gave the first intelligence of the adoption of the DOI, headed their columns with this line: "Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry have at last accomplished their object: The colonies have declared themselves independent of the mother country." Mr. Lee continued to serve in Congress for many years, being a member in 1778-80-84-87, and was one of the signers of the articles of confederation in 1778. During the session of 1784, he occupied the chair as President, being, it is said, the unanimous choice of all the delegates present. He served some 100 committees during the sessions of 1776-77. Mr. Lee opposed the adoption of the Constitution of 1787; in this opposition, he was in t with George Mason, Patrick Henry, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Jefferson and others, in Virginia, and many of the ablest patriots of the time in other States. But, after the ratification of the Constitution, he consented to serve as one of the Senators from Virginia, mainly for the purpose of urging some amendments which he believed to be needed; many of these he was instrumental in securing.

After many years of active service in Congress, and all the while a member of the Virginia Assembly, he finally, in 1792, retired from public life. Of Richard Henry Lee's personal appearance and the style of his oratory, William Wirt wrote: "His face was on the Roman model; his nose Caesarean; the port and carriage of his head, leaning persuasively and gracefully forward; and the whole contour, noble and fine. He had studied in the classics in the true spirit of criticism. His taste had that delicate touch which seized with intuitive certainty every beauty of an author, and his genius that native affinity which combined them without effort.

Into every walk of literature and science he had carried this mind of exquisite selection, and brought it back to the business of life, crowned with every light of learning and decked with every wreath that all the muses and all the graces could entwine. Nor did these light decorations constitute the whole value of its freight.

He possessed a rich store of historical and political knowledge, with an activity of observation and a certainty of judgment which turned that knowledge to the very best account. He was not a lawyer by profession, but he understood thoroughly the Constitution, both of the mother country and of her colonies; and the elements also of civil and municipal law. Thus, while his eloquence was free from those stiff and technical restraints which habits of forensic speaking are apt to generate, he had all the legal learning necessary to a statesman.

He reasoned well, and declaimed freely and splendidly. The note of his voice was deep and melodious. It was not the cancerous voice of Cicero. He had lost the use of one of his hands, which he kept constantly covered with a black silk bandage, neatly fitted in the palm of his hand, but leaving his thumb free; yet, notwithstanding this disadvantage, his gesture was so graceful and highly finished that it is said that he acquired it by practising before a mirror. Such was his promptitude that he required no preparation for debate. He was ready for any subject as soon as it was announced; and his speech was so copious, so rich, so mellifluous, set off with such bewitching cadence of voice and such captivating grace of action that, while you listened to him, you desired to hear nothing superior, and indeed thought him perfect. He had a quick sensibility and a fervid imagination." Dr. Rush said of him, "I never knew so great an orator whose speeches were so short. Indeed, I might say that he could not speak long. He had conceived his subject so clearly, and presented it so immediately to his hearers, that there appeared nothing more to be said about it. He did not use figures to ornament discourse, but made them the vehicles of argument." Mr. Lee died two years after retirement. He was troubled much with gout, "which attacked his abdominal viscera, and caused him great suffering, but, though his body became feeble, his mind retained its vigor." His will was dated 18 June 1793, and probated in Westmoreland Co., VA the 24th of June, 1794. He died at Chantilly on the 19th of June, 1794, and was buried in the old family burial-place, at the Burnt House Fields, Mt. Pleasant, as he desired in his will. Of the home of Richard Henry Lee, little is known. Thomas Lee Shippen, when describing his visit to Westmoreland, wrote his father that Chantilly "commands a much finer view than Stratford by reason of a large bay into which the Potomac forms itself opposite Chantilly, the house is rather commodious than elegant. The sitting-room, which is very well ornamented, is 18x30 feet, and the dining-room, 20x24."

From the inventory and appraisement of the furniture, etc., it is learned that there were a dining room, library, parlor, and chamber on the first floor. The hall being, as was usual, finished as a sitting-room, contained: a mahogany desk, twelve arm chairs, a round and a square table, a covered walnut table, two boxes of tools, and a trumpet. On the second floor there were four large chambers, and a smaller one at the head of the stairs; two rooms in the third floor; store rooms, and closets. The outbuildings mentioned were: kitchen, dairy, blacksmith shop, stable, and barn. The enumeration of books in the library showed about 500 which were appraised at L229 10s.7d. Of money in the house at the time of his death, there were $54 silver, valued at L16 4s.; in bank at Alexandria, L181 19s.7d.; "Tobacco notes" for 13,907 pounds, nett.

In 1783, Thomas Gaskins, Sr., of Westmoreland, executed a gift deed to his "daughter Anne Lee, now intermarried with Richard Henry Lee." [Anne was the widow of Thomas Pinkard, by whom she had at least one child].

Section 108, Lee, Richard Henry (1732-1794), Correspondence, 1765-1792

This section consists of 118 items, correspondence, 1765-1792, of Richard Henry Lee of Chantilly, Westmoreland County; Green Spring, James City County; Mount Airy, Richmond County; Lee Hall, Nomini Hall, Peckatone, and Stratford, Westmoreland County, Richmond; Williamsburg, Virginia; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Trenton, New Jersey.

Correspondence is with the Earl of Camden (concerning a proposed portrait of Camden for the courthouse of Westmoreland County, Virginia; bears list of subscribers and letter of Lee to Edmund Jenings [1737-1819]), Arthur Campbell (concerning the use of cavalry in fighting Indians), Landon Carter (of Sabine Hall, Richmond County, Virginia, concerning John Burgoyne, Anne Philippe Dieudonne de Loyeaute, Benjamin Franklin, Isaac William Giberne, Francis Lightfoot Lee, William Lee, Charles Wilson Peale, Archibald Ritchie, Doctor William Shippen, and John Tayloe [1721-1779]; the Stamp Act; portraits of Elizabeth (Landon) Willis Carter and Lord Chatham; the death of Anne (Aylett) Lee; the Boston Tea Party; medicine; charges against Richard Henry Lee by the Virginia General Assembly; and the Virginia Association of 1774; and letters bear notes of Landon Carter), Robert Wormeley Carter (concerning Robert Morris and bills before the Virginia General Assembly), Samuel Chase (concerning Patrick Henry and Edmund Pendleton; and the Declaration of Independence), Patrick Henry (while serving as governor of Virginia and concerning William Aylett, Sir Guy Carleton, Robert Morris, Thomas Nelson [1716-1782], George Washington, and Lambert Wickes; and supplies for the U.S. Continental Army), Ralph Izard (concerning Benedict Arnold, Thomas Bee, Theodorick Bland, Sir Henry Clinton, Charles René Dominique Sochet Destouches, Nathanael Greene, Chevalier de La Luzerne, Doctor David Ramsay, Joseph Reed, and Chevalier de Ternay), Thomas Jefferson, John Lamb (concerning the Federal Republican Committee and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution), Arthur Lee (concerning the Earl of Dartmouth, Silas Deane, Sir William Draper, Lord Dunmore [while serving as governor of Virginia], Comte d'Estaing, Elizabeth (Steptoe) Lee Fendall, Edward Foy, Benjamin Franklin, Conrad Alexandre Gérard, Viscount Hillsborough, Ralph Izard, the Marquis of Lansdowne, Anne (Lee) Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Ludwell Lee, Philip Ludwell Lee, Richard Lee [1726-1795], Thomas Lee [1758-1805], Thomas Ludwell Lee, William Lee, Henrietta (Lee) Turberville Maffit, Baron Musgrave, John Randolph [ca. 1728-1784], Peyton Randolph, and William Templeman; the Shippen family; ciphers; Virginia General Assembly; Virginia Association of 1774; and Vandalia; letter, 20 October 1773, copied in part by Charles Carter Lee; and letter, 29 September 1778, written, in part, in code), Charles Lee (1731-1782), Charles Lee (1758-1815) (concerning [Pierce?] Butler, William Hunter, Anne (Lee) Lee, William Washington, and George Wythe; lawsuit of George Mason v. William Lee; and the impairment of William Lee's vision), Francis Lightfoot Lee (concerning Thomas Belfield, Carter Braxton, John Burgoyne, Simon Fraser, Benjamin Harrison [1726-1791], Richard Howe, William Thompson, and George Washington; and the U.S. Declaration of Independence), Hannah Philippa (Ludwell) Lee, William Lee (while at Green Spring, James City County, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia; Brussels, Belgium; London, England; Nantes and Paris, France; Frankfort on the Main, Germany; and Amsterdam, Holland; and bear seals; concerning Alexander Balmaine, John Blair [1687-1771], William Booth, Lord Botetourt [while serving as governor of Virginia], the Earl of Camden, Gilbert Campbell, Landon Carter, Robert Cary [1730-1777], Richard Corbin [1714-1790 (executor of the estate of Philip Ludwell III)], Rawleigh Downman, Lord Dunmore [while serving as governor of Virginia], James Gruel, Viscount Hillsborough, James Horrocks, Edmund Jenings [1737-1819], John Lawson, Anne (Gaskins) Pinckard Lee, Arthur Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee, Hannah Philippa (Ludwell) Lee, Richard Lee [1726-1795], Henrietta (Lee) Turberville Maffit, Thomas Morris, William Nelson, Robert Carter Nicholas [executor of the estate of Philip Ludwell III], John Paradise, Peter Penet, Charles Rayson, John Roberts, [first name unknown] Roman, James Russell, James Scott, John Turberville, and Cary Wilkinson; and Pliarne, Gruel & Co. of Nantes, France; the deaths of John Blair [1687-1771], Lucy (Carter) Fitzhugh Harrison, [first name unknown] Lee, Charles Lucas, Presley Thornton, and Anne (Aylett) Washington; the education of Joseph Ball Downman, George Fairfax Lee, Ludwell Lee, Thomas Lee [1758-1805], and George Lee Turberville; the estates of Gawin Corbin, George Lee, Thomas Lee [1690-1750], Philip Ludwell III, and Catherine Monroe; the lawsuits of Osgood Hanbury v. Philip Ludwell Lee and George Mason v. William Lee; the election of William Lee as sheriff of London; the College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia; Green Spring, James City County, and Williamsburg, Virginia; the U.S. Continental Congress; the Virginia Associations of 1769 and 1770; the Northwest Ordinance; the flood of 1771; slavery and indentured servants; surveying instruments; tobacco; the funding of the national debt and loyalists in Virginia; also includes letter to Richard Lee [1726-1795]), James Madison, George Mason (of Gunston Hall, Fairfax County, Virginia, concerning Thomas Ludwell Lee and Thomas Nelson; Mason's health; and the Virginia Association of 1770), Philip Mazzei ([copy] concerning John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Doctor Walter Jones, Doctor James McClurg, James Madison, and Mann Page), Robert Carter Nicholas ([executor of the estate of Philip Ludwell III] concerning Robert Cary [1730-1777], Francis Lightfoot Lee, Richard Lee [1726-1795], Benjamin Waller, and John Wayles), Richard Parker (concerning [first name unknown] Beale, Landon Carter, and the death of Anne (Aylett) Lee; bears extract of letter from Arthur Lee to Richard Henry Lee), Nathaniel Scudder (concerning Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, Silas Deane, Chevalier de La Luzerne, Arthur Lee, William Lee, Joseph Reed, and Samuel Stockton; and the funeral of Joseph Hewes), Roger Sherman, James Steptoe (concerning William Aylett, John Graham, Ludwell Lee, Thomas Lee [1758-1805], Thomas Nelson [1716-1782], and William Steptoe), George Washington, and DeBerdts, Lee & Sayre of London, England (concerning James Walker, the ship Liberty, and tobacco).

Section 109, Lee, Richard Henry (1732-1794), Materials, 1763-1779

This section consists of five items, materials, 1763-1779, of Richard Henry Lee. Items include a speech (rough draft) [1763?] of Richard Henry Lee (concerning paper money); essay, undated, "The State of the Constitution of Virginia" by Richard Henry Lee (concerning the Virginia House of Burgesses and Council, trade, tobacco, and corn); an affidavit, 1774, of Richard Henry Lee (witnessed by Philip Ludwell Lee and concerning William Lee, [first name unknown] Roman, the ship Friendship, and tobacco); an affidavit, 1775, of Richard Henry Lee (concerning a bond of William Lee and Alice (Lee) Shippen and Doctor William Shippen); and a report (incomplete and in the handwriting of Richard Henry Lee), 1779, of a committee (i.e., Samuel Adams, Thomas Burke, Gouverneur Morris, Meriwether Smith, and John Witherspoon) to the U.S. Continental Congress (concerning Spain's intervention in the Revolutionary War).

Section 110, Lee, Richard Henry (1732-1794), Resolutions, 1774

This section consists of one item, resolutions, 25 May 1774, by Richard Henry Lee, planned to be presented to the Virginia House of Burgesses, Williamsburg. The resolutions concern the East India Company; tea; taxation; the closing of the port of Boston, Massachusetts; and a call for a U.S. Continental Congress.

Richard Henry Lee had the advantage in life of living during one of the most crucial times in American History. Allowing him to take part in one of the greatest events the world has witnessed, the pregnancy, birth, and childhood of the United States of America. Striving against the British Crown with such men as Patrick Henry, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin, his influence has a lasting effect on the outcome of American History.

Richard's career began, like most begin, by his birth into the famed, old family of Virginia, the Lee family. Richard was born on the 20th of January 1732, at his family's plantation, near Stratford, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the oldest of four boys, Francis Lightfoot Lee, William Lee, and Arthur Lee. He was educated early on in life by private tutoring at his family home in Virginia. Having reached the latter years of his education, his family sent him off to England to complete his studies. Finally on completing his education he returned home, from England, in 1752.

The Lees' of Virginia had a fine tradition of public service. Richard, in 1758, following in the footsteps of his family, entered the Virginia House of Burgesses at the age of twenty-five, thus, he began seventeen years of continuous services for his colony. His stanch opposition of British measures, such as the Stamp Act and Townshed Acts , centered him in the forefront of defenders of colonial rights. Openly calling the Townshed Acts, "arbitrary, unjust, and destructive of that mutual beneficial connection which every good subject would wish to see preserved." Richard was now planted firmly on the colonial side. Being more than a man of words in February of 1766 he drew the residence of his own county into the "Westmoreland Association," uniting themselves not to buy any British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed.

Richard was among the first persons to propose a system of inter-colonial committees of correspondence. These committees were set up to coordinate the efforts of the colonies against the British. The committees directly led to the forming of the First Continental Congress, with Virginia appointing Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, and George Washington. On September 5, 1774, these men with others such as John Jay and John Adams met in Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia for the first meeting of the Continental Congress. Even more aggressive now than before, Richard was pushing for stronger action against the British. With the issue of independence stalling in congress for the better part of a year, it was noted that a shrewd political move was needed to push the dream of independence into a reality. Richards openly advocating independence from the British Crown in the spring of 1776, led to him being chosen to move the issue of independence in congress. Finally, on June 7, 1776 he stood up in congress and uttered a resolution that would forever change the corse of American History.

Resolved: that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be totally dissolved. This resolution set a chain of events into action that would lead to the writing of the Declaration of Independence and finally to the adoption of it, and American Independence on July 4, 1776. Richard remained in congress until 1779 missing only a brief period to return home to Virginia to help form the new state government. Retiring from congress in 1779 due to ill health, Richard returned home to Virginia. On his return he was elected to the Virginia Legislature. Remaining there until he was once again sent to congress in 1784. This time he served his first year as that bodies president. Remaining two more years in congress, where he played an important role in the passage of the Northwest Ordinance. When the Constitutional Convention was held in 1787, to form a centralized government, Richard outright refused to attend, even going as far as to lead in Virginia's opposition to the new constitution. Richard's opposition to the constitution was base on the fact that it called for a strong central government, one thing he did not ever intend to have again. Also the fact that the constitution itself lacked a bill of rights gave him reason for concern. He felt the combination of these factors, giving a strong central government the power to do what it likes against individuals without any form of guaranteed rights to its citizens, would eventually put them back in the hands of a tyrant.

Having lost his battle over the new constitution, he accepted appointment in 1789 as one of the first senators from Virginia. As a senator he immediately proposed a number of new resolutions to correct the oversights in the constitution. Several of his proposals were adopted and many were used in the Bill of Rights. He had now become one of the strongest advocates of the Bill of Rights. It was a strong part of the new government that he felt they could not afford to leave out. Richard continued in the senate until ill health finally for the last time forced his resignation in 1792. Retiring to his Virginia estate Chantilly, near Stratford, in Westmoreland county Virginia he died on June 19, 1794 at the age of sixty-two.

Richard Henry Lee aided in lighting the torch of American Freedom and kept it burning for his nation. From a farmer, to a politician, to congressman, to a statesman, to a patriot, to a senator, Richard Henry Lee performed a very important role in American history.

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Children by Richard Henry Lee:

26. Henry Lee Gaskins (17.Sarah⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Judith Ball, (daughter of David Ball, Jr., Capt. and Hannah Haynie).

Children:

27. Thomas Gaskins, VI, Col. (17.Sarah⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Hannah Hull, (daughter of Richard Hull, Col. and Elizabeth Gaskins).

Children:

28. Elizabeth Gaskins (17.Sarah⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 2 May 1756, m. 11 Jul 1775, Edward Digges, Col., b. 22 Jan 1746, "Bellfield", York Co., VA, (son of Edward Digges, Col. and Anne Harrison) d. 29 Oct 1818, Fauquier Co., VA.

Children:

29. Mary Beale (18.Elizabeth⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. Samuel Hugh Henry, (son of James Henry, Judge and Sarah Scarborough).

Children:

30. John Eustace Beale (18.Elizabeth⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) m. 5 Mar 1771, Elizabeth Lee, (daughter of Charles Lee and Joannah Morgan) ref: Lee, 566.

Children:

31. Hancock Eustace, Capt. (19.Isaac⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. 1768, Stafford Co., VA, m. (1) 4 Jun 1789, Tabitha Henry, (daughter of James Henry, Judge and Sarah Scarborough) m. (2) aft 1818, Hannah Lee Turberville, b. abt 1780/1789, "Peckatone", Westmoreland Co., VA, (daughter of George Turberville and Martha "Patty" Corbin) d. aft 1818, "Woodford", Stafford Co., VA. Hancock died 30 Jul 1829, "Woodford", Stafford Co., VA. Hannah: Her name was Hannah Lee, not Harriet Lee. She md. 1st 15/19 May 1804 Westm. Co., VA, Thomas Pope Basye, of Fredericksburg. See "The Basye Family in the U.S.", by Otto Basye (1950). She md. 2d as "Hanna Lee Basye" on 9 Jun 1818 to Triplett T. Estes, by George Baggett, NOT to "Hancock Eustace". Marriage Lic. Bonds of Westm. Co., VA, from 1786 to 1850, at pg. 5. Marriage notice from Fredericksburg, VA, Gazette, 1787=1803, in VA Hist. Mag. of Hist. & Biog., XIII, 433. Fredericksburg, VA, Marriage Returns & Marr. Bonds,..., at pg. 25.

Children by Tabitha Henry:

32. Anne Eustace (19.Isaac⁸, 11.Anne⁷, 6.Sarah⁶, 5.Isaac⁵, 4.Fear⁴, 3.William³, 2.William², 1.William¹) b. Stafford Co., VA, m. 20 Dec 1784, Joseph Blackwell, Maj., b. 1752, "Walnut Lodge", Northumberland Co., VA, (son of Samuel Blackwell, Capt. and Elizabeth Steptoe) d. 1826, Prince William Co., VA.

Children: